EQUALEGUM International Law Journal

THE EFFECTIVENESS OF PUBLIC SERVICE DIGITALIZATION IN CORRUPTION PREVENTION FOR GOOD GOVERNANCE IN INDONESIA

Fery Muchtar Ashari, Rob van Gestel — Sun, 28 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background. The digital transformation of public administration has become a central strategy for governments seeking to improve service delivery, enhance transparency, and strengthen accountability. In Indonesia, digitalization initiatives such as electronic government systems, online licensing platforms, digital procurement, electronic taxation, and integrated public service applications have been promoted as instruments for improving governance and reducing opportunities for corruption. While digital technologies have the potential to minimize direct interactions between citizens and public officials, thereby reducing discretionary decision-making and rent-seeking behavior, questions remain regarding their actual effectiveness in preventing corruption. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of public service digitalization as an anti-corruption mechanism from a legal and governance perspective.

Research Methods. This study uses a normative juridical approach to analyze Indonesian legislative frameworks pertaining to public administration, electronic government, anti-corruption laws, and digital public services. It also incorporates international and comparative viewpoints.

Findings. Digitalization contributes significantly to corruption prevention through enhanced transparency, traceability, accountability, and procedural standardization. However, challenges remain regarding institutional capacity, digital inequality, cybersecurity risks, regulatory fragmentation, and the persistence of corruption in digitally mediated environments.

Conclusion. Digitalization should not be viewed as a purely technological solution but as part of a broader legal and institutional reform agenda aimed at strengthening integrity, public accountability, and good governance.

ANALYSIS OF CARBON TRADING REGULATIONS AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO ACHIEVING INDONESIA’S NATIONAL EMISSION REDUCTION TARGETS

Riska Sari, Muhammad Fariz, Daniel Allan Rosen — Sun, 28 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background. Climate change has become one of the most pressing global challenges, prompting countries to adopt various policy instruments to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Indonesia, as a party to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and the Paris Agreement, has committed to reducing emissions through its Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC). One of the key regulatory innovations introduced by the Indonesian government is carbon trading under Presidential Regulation No. 98 of 2021 concerning the Economic Value of Carbon. This study analyzes the effectiveness of Indonesia's carbon trading regulatory framework in supporting national emission reduction targets. Research Methods. Employing a normative legal research design, this study examines Indonesia's legal framework for carbon trading. It analyzes statutory regulations, international legal instruments, and comparative practices to assess the effectiveness of existing norms in aiding Indonesia's greenhouse gas emission reduction goals. The analysis includes constitutional provisions, national and sector-specific legislation, and relevant international agreements. A comparative approach highlights best practices and identifies regulatory gaps, suggesting potential reforms to enhance Indonesia's carbon trading and support sustainable development objectives.

Findings. The findings indicate that Indonesia has established a comprehensive legal foundation for carbon trading; however, challenges remain regarding institutional coordination, market transparency, carbon credit verification, and legal certainty. While carbon trading has significant potential to contribute to national emission reduction targets, its effectiveness depends on regulatory coherence, robust monitoring systems, and alignment with international carbon market standards.

Conclusion. Strengthening governance mechanisms, improving transparency, and integrating carbon trading into broader climate policy frameworks.

LEGAL ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE REGULATION AS A CLINICAL DECISION SUPPORT SYSTEM IN INDONESIAN HOSPITALS: CHALLENGES, ACCOUNTABILITY, AND REGULATORY REFORM

Siti Sarah, Mita Lestari Masruroh — Sun, 28 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background. The rapid advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has transformed healthcare delivery worldwide, particularly through the development of Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS). AI-powered CDSS can assist healthcare professionals in diagnosis, treatment planning, risk prediction, and clinical decision-making. While these technologies offer substantial benefits in improving efficiency and accuracy, they also raise complex legal, ethical, and regulatory questions concerning accountability, patient safety, informed consent, data protection, and medical liability. This study aimed to examine the adequacy of existing Indonesian legal frameworks in regulating AI-based CDSS in hospitals and to identify regulatory gaps that may affect legal certainty and patient protection.

Research Methods. This research employs a normative juridical method. The statutory approach analyzes relevant Indonesian regulations, including: Law No. 17 of 2023 on Health, Law No. 27 of 2022 on Personal Data Protection, Law No. 11 of 2008 on Electronic Information and Transactions, Regulations concerning electronic medical records and hospital governance. The conceptual approach examines legal theories related to professional liability, product liability, patient autonomy, and algorithmic accountability. The comparative approach evaluates regulatory developments from international frameworks.

Findings. Although existing regulations concerning health services, electronic systems, personal data protection, and medical practice provide partial governance, Indonesia has not yet established a comprehensive legal framework specifically addressing AI-assisted clinical decision-making. Consequently, significant uncertainties remain regarding liability allocation, algorithmic transparency, informed consent, and institutional accountability.

Conclusion. The development of a dedicated regulatory framework for AI in healthcare that balances technological innovation with patient safety, ethical governance, and legal certainty.

LEGAL PROTECTION IN INDONESIA OF ONLINE RIDE-HAILING DRIVERS AND DIGITAL FREELANCERS IN THE GIG ECONOMY ERA

Indra Wijaya, Thi Kim Nguyen — Mon, 29 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background. Digital economy has fundamentally transformed labor relations worldwide. In Indonesia, digital platform-based work has become an increasingly important source of employment, particularly for online ride-hailing drivers, delivery couriers, and freelance digital workers. While digital platforms offer flexibility, they also generate significant legal challenges concerning employment status, social protection, occupational safety, income security, and collective labor rights. Most platform companies classify workers as independent partners rather than employees, thereby excluding them from labor protections traditionally afforded under employment law. This study examines the adequacy of Indonesia's legal framework in protecting digital platform workers and identifies regulatory gaps affecting labor rights in the gig economy.

Research Methods. The statutory approach examines relevant Indonesian legal instruments, including Law No. 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, Law No. 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation, Law No. 24 of 2011 concerning Social Security Administration, and relevant regulations governing transportation and digital platforms. The conceptual approach explores theories of labor protection, employment relationships, economic dependency, social justice, and algorithmic management. The comparative approach examines regulatory developments in jurisdictions that have introduced specific protections for platform workers.

Findings. Indonesia's existing labor law framework does not adequately accommodate platform-mediated work relationships characterized by algorithmic management and economic dependency. Consequently, many digital platform workers remain excluded from minimum wage protection, social security benefits, occupational safety guarantees, and collective bargaining mechanisms.

Conclusion. The establishment of a dedicated regulatory framework recognizing platform work as a distinct labor category while ensuring fundamental labor rights and social protection standards.

LEGAL ANALYSIS OF THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF INDONESIA’S FOOD ESTATE PROGRAM AND ITS IMPACT ON FARMERS’ WELFARE

Suyanto Suyanto, Dwi Wachidiyah Ningsih, Prihatin Effendi — Tue, 30 Jun 2026 00:00:00 +0000

Background. Food security is crucial for countries facing climate change, population growth, and supply chain issues. Indonesia's Food Estate Program seeks to improve food security and agricultural productivity while reducing food imports. However, it has raised concerns related to its sustainability and effects on farmers' welfare. This study aimed to analyze the legal sustainability of the Food Estate Program and evaluate its implications for farmers’ welfare from the perspective of agricultural law, environmental law, and sustainable development principles.

Research Methods. Normative juridical research design, the statutory approach analyzes key legal documents, including Indonesia's 1945 Constitution and several laws regarding food, farmer protection, and agricultural land sustainability. The conceptual approach applies theories related to sustainable development and agrarian justice. The comparative approach assesses international standards on sustainable agriculture and food security within global development frameworks.

Findings. Although the Food Estate Program is supported by a substantial regulatory framework, significant challenges remain regarding land governance, environmental protection, indigenous rights, community participation, and equitable distribution of economic benefits. Sustainable food estate development requires a transition from a production-oriented approach toward a farmer-centered legal framework emphasizing social justice, environmental sustainability, and participatory governance. Such reforms are essential to ensure that food security policies contribute not only to national food production but also to the long-term welfare of farming communities.

Conclusion. Achieving sustainable development necessitates a shift to a farmer-centered legal framework that prioritizes social justice and participatory governance, ensuring food security policies enhance both national food production and the long-term welfare of farming communities.